Monthly Archives: February 2012

The Eyes Have it: How Eye Health Affects Total Health

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By Karin Krisher

eye health

In humans, eye health can be a great indicator of one’s overall health, especially during the aging process. That’s not to say that people with poor eyesight are unhealthy—only that we can generally glean information from the eyes that tells us about other bodily processes and issues. Researchers at the University of Kansas Medical School have long had their sights set on this concept, and now they have more proof than ever that not only do the eyes indicate health, but the effects of light on the eye might actually contribute to health issues.

It seems intuitive that the amount of light we receive affects our bodies, but it wasn’t until 2002 that the eye’s role in circadian rhythms came to light. Dr. David Berson of Brown University discovered that our eyes actually have more photoreceptors than previously believed, and that the newly discovered properties of the retinal ganglion cells included the cells’ ability to communicate more directly with the brain.

eye healthThese cells are very receptive to blue in the light spectrum, also the part of the spectrum that’s filtered by the eye’s lens, which, as it ages, changes. The pupil gradually narrows and the lens tinges yellow with the passing years. The result is a lack of light (or a change in the wavelength of the light), and a disturbed circadian rhythm.

In a study published in The British Journal of Ophthalmology, Dr. Mainster and Dr. Turner (the aforementioned University of Kansas researchers) “estimated that by age 45, the photoreceptors of the average adult receive just 50 percent of the light needed to fully stimulate the circadian system. By age 55, it dips to 37 percent, and by age 75, to a mere 17 percent.” (Laurie Tarkan for The New York Times)

Eye Health and the Bodily Clock

What do these declining light reception rates mean for overall eye health? And how do we see the effects?

First, it’s important to recognize that our amazing bodily clock does need a bit of assistance from external influences, hence the plight of the night shift worker, who, interestingly enough, is at greater risk for health issues like insomnia, heart disease and cancer than the nine to five-ers. Because the part of the brain that receives messages from the photoreceptive cells is the same part that initiates the release of the hormones melatonin and cortisol, the amount of light absorbed can have far-reaching effects.

eye health

Studies have shown that people with low melatonin secretion have a higher incidence of issues like diabetes and heart disease, and melatonin is thought to have many beneficial actions, including the support of immune system health, memory, mood balance and sleep quality.* Darkness stimulates the release of melatonin and light suppresses its activity—consequently, normal melatonin cycles are disrupted when we are exposed to excessive light in the evening or too little light during the daytime. It’s not difficult to see, then, where eye health problems arise.

The aging process of the eye significantly affects the process that gives melatonin its meaning, according to several studies that prove Dr. Mainster and Dr. Turners’ theories have some clout. One such study, published in The Journal of Biological Rhythms, found that younger subjects had increased alertness, improvements in mood and decreases in sleepiness after having been exposed to blue light, but older subjects had none of the same effects.

Eye Health: Final Thoughts

Because the eye changes so much as we age, it’s important to pay attention to the light that surrounds us. It makes more sense that as we age, we want to spend more time indoors, but doing so further disrupts our circadian rhythms. Lacking support from melatonin, we will then want to spend even more time indoors, moving less and potentially developing associated health complications.

The cycle doesn’t have to continue. We can choose different lighting structures and types, as well as attempt to spend more time outdoors to keep our peepers—and our dispositions—fresh.

 

* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Old Hat: Exercise and the Aging Process

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By Karin Krisher

The aging process is a topic of worn-out discussion. We talk about aging joints, hearts, lungs, livers. We talk about aging parents, pets, friends, and minds. We talk about how to improve the aging process, and wishfully discuss how to slow it down. But what if our conversation changed direction? Instead of aging process generating ways to merely hold onto the youth we once had, what if we took it a step further, and offered patients some hope of actually improving themselves as the aging process carries onward?

That conversation might go something like this:

“Exercise.”

Even better than the simplicity of this conversation? You don’t have to be the first one to have it. Nearly 33 percent of patients who saw a doctor last year said that doctor told them to exercise—in 2000 this figure was only 23 percent, according to the CDC.

Surprisingly, significant increases in instances of this advice were reported in patients 85 and older. The changing tides of conversation could be the result of mounting evidence that exercise can work wonders for not only the bodies, but also the brains of the elderly. In a review of over 100 cognition-related studies, researchers at the University of Iowa confirmed that MRIs of people in their 60s showed gray and white matter increases after just six short months of exercise.

Exercise and the Aging Process: A Deeper Look

Further, “the hippocampus area of the brain, key for memory formation, shrinks 1 to 2 percent per year in those older than 60, but when people in this age group begin fitness regimens, it grows by 1 to 2 percent instead.” (LATimes)

And that’s not all. Exercise also improves the brain’s ability to work with itself—in other words, it improves the communication channels between different parts. These results showed up in patients that merely walked for 45 minutes, three days a week, suggesting that even moderate exercise has a large effect on cognition.

As if these improvements weren’t enough, the preventative merits of exercise should convince you of the value of this conversation. A study published in Neurology last year reported that of 1,238 elderly people studied, the 25 percent who were the most physically active were nearly half as likely to suffer silent brain infarcts.

Perhaps the most important fact to glean from the Iowa researchers’ analysis of the studies is that those at greater risk for cognitive decline (due to genetic predetermination) certainly have the most to gain from physical activity. Through reducing the chance of developing other conditions that can lead to Alzheimer’s disease, increasing blood flow to the brain, and releasing endorphins to improve stress responses, regular moderate exercise can truly improve patients’ brain function and the aging process.

Next time a patient comes to you concerned with his genetic predisposition to Alzheimer’s or dementia, ask if he has a treadmill.  If the answer is no, encourage him to get to the gym and show him how exercise affects the aging process. You may also want to discuss supplements for energy support and tips for staying active and healthy. His heart, lungs, neurons, synapses and family members will be glad you did.